SEO terms you should know

[charlesprabhu]

Meta Title
Meta Description
Alt Text
Anchor Text
Crawler
Backlink
SERP
Indexing

[chris26]

I would add keywords and keyword density also.

[digitalwebo21]

I would add canonicalization, Robots txt file, Sitemap and Schema markup also.

[tbsind]

Meta Title
Meta Description
Alt Text
Anchor Text
Crawler
Backlink
SERP
Indexing

Also add

Header tags
Sitemap.xml
Robots.txt
Google Analytics Tools
Google Webmaster Tools.

Above are also good things in SEO where you should add on the website.