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Blog comment are useful which are related to your business. The comments are also beneficial as they contain links to your site to visit it by search engines as well as online visitors...

xml sitemap is used for search engines while HTML sitemap is beneficial for online visitor. A website must have both sitemaps if possible.

Crawlers are search engine's programs to crawl website and its pages.

It is discussion about google algorithm update called pigeon. It is not talking about pigeons and dove here.

Posting a comment or answer or view on a blog after reading it or answering/responding to its information is called blog commenting.

As you are using it. You are taking part in several discussions through answering and posting a new topic or thread in it. Aren't you?

Signatures provide good reference to your site. Visitors can visit your site through your signatures.

Yes, duplicate content is really penalized by google as it confuse the search engine to fetch information to its online users.

Google become unstable to show you site in searches as due to increase for decrease in rank. After some days it shows stability in the results placing the site at its actual rank. It also shows...

Content is king of your website and user will come to avail the information given in it by you.

Social media optimization is only useful for bringing some traffic to a site through sharing the information there.

Website layout should also you user friendly for easy navigation to information.

Except paid back links all other techniques are useful for improving keyword ranking in organic searches. Paid back links may harmful for a website ranking and your website may get penalty for it.

No, i do not think so, however google is attempting to be always users friendly and provide information as they make searches through it.

You can get paid by running ads of other agencies and sites through google. It is PPC account where you get when a unique visitor click on it and go to the page that opened.

Yes I agree with you that people are using keywords to stuffing more and more in content, titles, descriptions and hyperlinks too. It is not a good practice.

Your back links may be deleted by any reason. Make more back links on good sites.

You can not change a url once it is bought, however you can buy a url that may be based on keywords and it is easy to optimize and remember by users.

Regular work is required at the forum for at least one or two years till it gets good page rank by online users.

Alt tag is important when image does not upload. The alt keyword is shown at the place of image.

I have also not listened about the portal website. Do you mean static and dynamic website?

Page rank is a tool to measure rank of each site according to traffic on it and its good links with other website. Please read more about it in detail at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank

Seo is useful to optimize a site on some keywords and it is also beneficial for optimization of information as well.

It is Extensible Markup Language that is used for developing site maps that are useful for search engines for fetching information from websites instantly. These site maps however are unreadable for...

Posting your comments on blogs is called blog commenting. You should have proper email account and a website for commenting on blogs.