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  1. #1
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    Question How to Install and Configure VNC Server on Ubuntu?

    How to Install and Configure VNC Server on Ubuntu? Can anyone suggest?
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  2. #2
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    Step 1 — Installing the Desktop Environment and VNC Server
    By default, an Ubuntu 18.04 server does not come with a graphical desktop environment or a VNC server installed, so we'll begin by installing those. Specifically, we will install packages for the latest Xfce desktop environment and the TightVNC package available in the official Ubuntu repository.

    On your server, update your list of packages:

    sudo apt update
    Now install the Xfce desktop environment on your server:

    sudo apt install xfce4 xfce4-goodies
    Once that installation completes, install the TightVNC server:

    sudo apt install tightvncserver
    To complete the VNC server's initial configuration after installation, use the vncserver command to set up a secure password and create the initial configuration files:

    vncserver
    You'll be prompted to enter and verify a password to access your machine remotely:

    Output
    You will require a password to access your desktops.

    Password:
    Verify:
    The password must be between six and eight characters long. Passwords more than 8 characters will be truncated automatically.

    Once you verify the password, you'll have the option to create a a view-only password. Users who log in with the view-only password will not be able to control the VNC instance with their mouse or keyboard. This is a helpful option if you want to demonstrate something to other people using your VNC server, but this isn't required.

    The process then creates the necessary default configuration files and connection information for the server:

    Output
    Would you like to enter a view-only password (y/n)? n
    xauth: file /home/sammy/.Xauthority does not exist

    New 'X' desktop is your_hostname:1

    Creating default startup script /home/sammy/.vnc/xstartup
    Starting applications specified in /home/sammy/.vnc/xstartup
    Log file is /home/sammy/.vnc/your_hostname:1.log
    Now let's configure the VNC server.

    Step 2 — Configuring the VNC Server
    The VNC server needs to know which commands to execute when it starts up. Specifically, VNC needs to know which graphical desktop it should connect to.

    These commands are located in a configuration file called xstartup in the .vnc folder under your home directory. The startup script was created when you ran the vncserver in the previous step, but we'll create our own to launch the Xfce desktop.

    When VNC is first set up, it launches a default server instance on port 5901. This port is called a display port, and is referred to by VNC as :1. VNC can launch multiple instances on other display ports, like :2, :3, and so on.

    Because we are going to be changing how the VNC server is configured, first stop the VNC server instance that is running on port 5901 with the following command:

    vncserver -kill :1
    The output should look like this, although you'll see a different PID:

    Output
    Killing Xtightvnc process ID 17648
    Before you modify the xstartup file, back up the original:

    mv ~/.vnc/xstartup ~/.vnc/xstartup.bak
    Now create a new xstartup file and open it in your text editor:

    nano ~/.vnc/xstartup
    Commands in this file are executed automatically whenever you start or restart the VNC server. We need VNC to start our desktop environment if it's not already started. Add these commands to the file:

    ~/.vnc/xstartup
    #!/bin/bash
    xrdb $HOME/.Xresources
    startxfce4 &
    The first command in the file, xrdb $HOME/.Xresources, tells VNC's GUI framework to read the server user's .Xresources file. .Xresources is where a user can make changes to certain settings of the graphical desktop, like terminal colors, cursor themes, and font rendering. The second command tells the server to launch Xfce, which is where you will find all of the graphical software that you need to comfortably manage your server.

    To ensure that the VNC server will be able to use this new startup file properly, we'll need to make it executable.

    sudo chmod +x ~/.vnc/xstartup
    Now, restart the VNC server.

    vncserver
    You'll see output similar to this:

    Output
    New 'X' desktop is your_hostname:1

    Starting applications specified in /home/sammy/.vnc/xstartup
    Log file is /home/sammy/.vnc/your_hostname:1.log
    With the configuration in place, let's connect to the server from our local machine.

    Step 3 — Connecting the VNC Desktop Securely
    VNC itself doesn't use secure protocols when connecting. We'll use an SSH tunnel to connect securely to our server, and then tell our VNC client to use that tunnel rather than making a direct connection.

    Create an SSH connection on your local computer that securely forwards to the localhost connection for VNC. You can do this via the terminal on Linux or macOS with the following command:

    ssh -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901 -C -N -l sammy your_server_ip
    The -L switch specifies the port bindings. In this case we're binding port 5901 of the remote connection to port 5901 on your local machine. The -C switch enables compression, while the -N switch tells ssh that we don't want to execute a remote command. The -l switch specifies the remote login name.

    Remember to replace sammy and your_server_ip with the sudo non-root username and IP address of your server.

    If you are using a graphical SSH client, like PuTTY, use your_server_ip as the connection IP, and set localhost:5901 as a new forwarded port in the program's SSH tunnel settings.

    Once the tunnel is running, use a VNC client to connect to localhost:5901. You'll be prompted to authenticate using the password you set in Step 1.

    Once you are connected, you'll see the default Xfce desktop. It should look something like this:

    VNC connection to Ubuntu 18.04 server

    You can access files in your home directory with the file manager or from the command line, as seen here:

    Files via VNC connection to Ubuntu 18.04

    Press CTRL+C in your terminal to stop the SSH tunnel and return to your prompt. This will disconnect your VNC session as well.

    Next let's set up our VNC server as a service.

    Step 4 — Running VNC as a System Service
    Next, we'll set up the VNC server as a systemd service so we can start, stop, and restart it as needed, like any other service. This will also ensure that VNC starts up when your server reboots.

    First, create a new unit file called /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service using your favorite text editor:

    sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service
    The @ symbol at the end of the name will let us pass in an argument we can use in the service configuration. We'll use this to specify the VNC display port we want to use when we manage the service.

    Add the following lines to the file. Be sure to change the value of User, Group, WorkingDirectory, and the username in the value of PIDFILE to match your username:

    /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service
    [Unit]
    Description=Start TightVNC server at startup
    After=syslog.target network.target

    [Service]
    Type=forking
    User=sammy
    Group=sammy
    WorkingDirectory=/home/sammy

    PIDFile=/home/sammy/.vnc/%H:%i.pid
    ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i > /dev/null 2>&1
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver -depth 24 -geometry 1280x800 :%i
    ExecStop=/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    The ExecStartPre command stops VNC if it's already running. The ExecStart command starts VNC and sets the color depth to 24-bit color with a resolution of 1280x800. You can modify these startup options as well to meet your needs.

    Save and close the file.

    Next, make the system aware of the new unit file.

    sudo systemctl daemon-reload
    Enable the unit file.

    sudo systemctl enable vncserver@1.service
    The 1 following the @ sign signifies which display number the service should appear over, in this case the default :1 as was discussed in Step 2..

    Stop the current instance of the VNC server if it's still running.

    vncserver -kill :1
    Then start it as you would start any other systemd service.

    sudo systemctl start vncserver@1
    You can verify that it started with this command:

    sudo systemctl status vncserver@1
    If it started correctly, the output should look like this:

    Output
    vncserver@1.service - Start TightVNC server at startup
    Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service; indirect; vendor preset: enabled)
    Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-07-09 18:13:53 UTC; 2min 14s ago
    Process: 22322 ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver -depth 24 -geometry 1280x800 :1 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 22316 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :1 > /dev/null 2>&1 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Main PID: 22330 (Xtightvnc)

    ...
    Your VNC server will now be available when you reboot the machine.

    Start your SSH tunnel again:

    ssh -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901 -C -N -l sammy your_server_ip
    Then make a new connection using your VNC client software to localhost:5901 to connect to your machine.

    Regards,
    Adrian

  3. #3
    Senior Member
    Join Date
    Jul 2006
    Location
    IndiaMDM
    Posts
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    Quote Originally Posted by Pratik_K View Post
    Step 1 — Installing the Desktop Environment and VNC Server
    By default, an Ubuntu 18.04 server does not come with a graphical desktop environment or a VNC server installed, so we'll begin by installing those. Specifically, we will install packages for the latest Xfce desktop environment and the TightVNC package available in the official Ubuntu repository.

    On your server, update your list of packages:

    sudo apt update
    Now install the Xfce desktop environment on your server:

    sudo apt install xfce4 xfce4-goodies
    Once that installation completes, install the TightVNC server:

    sudo apt install tightvncserver
    To complete the VNC server's initial configuration after installation, use the vncserver command to set up a secure password and create the initial configuration files:

    vncserver
    You'll be prompted to enter and verify a password to access your machine remotely:

    Output
    You will require a password to access your desktops.

    Password:
    Verify:
    The password must be between six and eight characters long. Passwords more than 8 characters will be truncated automatically.

    Once you verify the password, you'll have the option to create a a view-only password. Users who log in with the view-only password will not be able to control the VNC instance with their mouse or keyboard. This is a helpful option if you want to demonstrate something to other people using your VNC server, but this isn't required.

    The process then creates the necessary default configuration files and connection information for the server:

    Output
    Would you like to enter a view-only password (y/n)? n
    xauth: file /home/sammy/.Xauthority does not exist

    New 'X' desktop is your_hostname:1

    Creating default startup script /home/sammy/.vnc/xstartup
    Starting applications specified in /home/sammy/.vnc/xstartup
    Log file is /home/sammy/.vnc/your_hostname:1.log
    Now let's configure the VNC server.

    Step 2 — Configuring the VNC Server
    The VNC server needs to know which commands to execute when it starts up. Specifically, VNC needs to know which graphical desktop it should connect to.

    These commands are located in a configuration file called xstartup in the .vnc folder under your home directory. The startup script was created when you ran the vncserver in the previous step, but we'll create our own to launch the Xfce desktop.

    When VNC is first set up, it launches a default server instance on port 5901. This port is called a display port, and is referred to by VNC as :1. VNC can launch multiple instances on other display ports, like :2, :3, and so on.

    Because we are going to be changing how the VNC server is configured, first stop the VNC server instance that is running on port 5901 with the following command:

    vncserver -kill :1
    The output should look like this, although you'll see a different PID:

    Output
    Killing Xtightvnc process ID 17648
    Before you modify the xstartup file, back up the original:

    mv ~/.vnc/xstartup ~/.vnc/xstartup.bak
    Now create a new xstartup file and open it in your text editor:

    nano ~/.vnc/xstartup
    Commands in this file are executed automatically whenever you start or restart the VNC server. We need VNC to start our desktop environment if it's not already started. Add these commands to the file:

    ~/.vnc/xstartup
    #!/bin/bash
    xrdb $HOME/.Xresources
    startxfce4 &
    The first command in the file, xrdb $HOME/.Xresources, tells VNC's GUI framework to read the server user's .Xresources file. .Xresources is where a user can make changes to certain settings of the graphical desktop, like terminal colors, cursor themes, and font rendering. The second command tells the server to launch Xfce, which is where you will find all of the graphical software that you need to comfortably manage your server.

    To ensure that the VNC server will be able to use this new startup file properly, we'll need to make it executable.

    sudo chmod +x ~/.vnc/xstartup
    Now, restart the VNC server.

    vncserver
    You'll see output similar to this:

    Output
    New 'X' desktop is your_hostname:1

    Starting applications specified in /home/sammy/.vnc/xstartup
    Log file is /home/sammy/.vnc/your_hostname:1.log
    With the configuration in place, let's connect to the server from our local machine.

    Step 3 — Connecting the VNC Desktop Securely
    VNC itself doesn't use secure protocols when connecting. We'll use an SSH tunnel to connect securely to our server, and then tell our VNC client to use that tunnel rather than making a direct connection.

    Create an SSH connection on your local computer that securely forwards to the localhost connection for VNC. You can do this via the terminal on Linux or macOS with the following command:

    ssh -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901 -C -N -l sammy your_server_ip
    The -L switch specifies the port bindings. In this case we're binding port 5901 of the remote connection to port 5901 on your local machine. The -C switch enables compression, while the -N switch tells ssh that we don't want to execute a remote command. The -l switch specifies the remote login name.

    Remember to replace sammy and your_server_ip with the sudo non-root username and IP address of your server.

    If you are using a graphical SSH client, like PuTTY, use your_server_ip as the connection IP, and set localhost:5901 as a new forwarded port in the program's SSH tunnel settings.

    Once the tunnel is running, use a VNC client to connect to localhost:5901. You'll be prompted to authenticate using the password you set in Step 1.

    Once you are connected, you'll see the default Xfce desktop. It should look something like this:

    VNC connection to Ubuntu 18.04 server

    You can access files in your home directory with the file manager or from the command line, as seen here:

    Files via VNC connection to Ubuntu 18.04

    Press CTRL+C in your terminal to stop the SSH tunnel and return to your prompt. This will disconnect your VNC session as well.

    Next let's set up our VNC server as a service.

    Step 4 — Running VNC as a System Service
    Next, we'll set up the VNC server as a systemd service so we can start, stop, and restart it as needed, like any other service. This will also ensure that VNC starts up when your server reboots.

    First, create a new unit file called /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service using your favorite text editor:

    sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service
    The @ symbol at the end of the name will let us pass in an argument we can use in the service configuration. We'll use this to specify the VNC display port we want to use when we manage the service.

    Add the following lines to the file. Be sure to change the value of User, Group, WorkingDirectory, and the username in the value of PIDFILE to match your username:

    /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service
    [Unit]
    Description=Start TightVNC server at startup
    After=syslog.target network.target

    [Service]
    Type=forking
    User=sammy
    Group=sammy
    WorkingDirectory=/home/sammy

    PIDFile=/home/sammy/.vnc/%H:%i.pid
    ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i > /dev/null 2>&1
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver -depth 24 -geometry 1280x800 :%i
    ExecStop=/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    The ExecStartPre command stops VNC if it's already running. The ExecStart command starts VNC and sets the color depth to 24-bit color with a resolution of 1280x800. You can modify these startup options as well to meet your needs.

    Save and close the file.

    Next, make the system aware of the new unit file.

    sudo systemctl daemon-reload
    Enable the unit file.

    sudo systemctl enable vncserver@1.service
    The 1 following the @ sign signifies which display number the service should appear over, in this case the default :1 as was discussed in Step 2..

    Stop the current instance of the VNC server if it's still running.

    vncserver -kill :1
    Then start it as you would start any other systemd service.

    sudo systemctl start vncserver@1
    You can verify that it started with this command:

    sudo systemctl status vncserver@1
    If it started correctly, the output should look like this:

    Output
    vncserver@1.service - Start TightVNC server at startup
    Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service; indirect; vendor preset: enabled)
    Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-07-09 18:13:53 UTC; 2min 14s ago
    Process: 22322 ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver -depth 24 -geometry 1280x800 :1 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 22316 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :1 > /dev/null 2>&1 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Main PID: 22330 (Xtightvnc)

    ...
    Your VNC server will now be available when you reboot the machine.

    Start your SSH tunnel again:

    ssh -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901 -C -N -l sammy your_server_ip
    Then make a new connection using your VNC client software to localhost:5901 to connect to your machine.

    Regards,
    Adrian
    >> Thanks @Pratik it was helpful.
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